概览
2023，三月
从不校准？你是认真的吗？
定期校准测试设备经常被认为是一项不必要的工作，它也因此常被人们忽略。很多时候，人们可能并未完全理解校准的概念、目的和重要性。本文将阐明这些问题，并为你解释一些术语和定义。文中还通过校准金字塔的模型来说明什么是可追溯性。此外，通过一些最佳实践范例，文章将直观展示如何校准音频和声学测试设备。
译者：胥勇，刘苏栋
作者：Schmidle, Gregor
ISEAT 2023
2020, November
What defines a Sound Level Meter in the US has changed.
ANSI/ASA S1.4 equals IEC 61672. Understanding the differences.
What had been previously described as “The Atlantic Divide” in sound level meters (SLM) is gone. With the adoption of ANSI/ASA S1.4 (all three parts) from IEC 61672 (all three parts) in July 2014, the harmonization of the ANSI and ISO standard for Sound Level Meters is complete. Users of SLMs do not need to be expert in the details. However, a good understanding of the new regulation is needed if measurement results are ever challenged. We will review the new regulation from an end-user’s view. We will describe what documentation verifies that a Class 1 sound level meter fulfills ANSI/ASA S1.4. Each part of ANSI/ASA S1.4/IEC 61672 has its intended audience from the SLM designer/manufacturer, accreditation body, to the calibration laboratory.
Author: MacMillan, Brian; Nigsch, Berno
2019，十月
麦克风产线终端测试的挑战和最佳范例
近年来，各类系统中麦克风的应用增长迅猛。辅助驾驶系统，智能音箱或含语音控制功能的消费类产品都只是推动麦克风需求增长的冰山一角。和这一需求共同扩大的，就是对快速可靠的麦克风工业级产线终端测试系统的要求。本文将介绍如何计划，实施和维护麦克风产线终端测试系统的最佳范例。
文中还讨论了不同类型麦克风对测试系统的要求。以及麦克风信号的各类特殊格式，如 MEMS 麦克风的 PDM 格式或车载麦克风的 A2B 格式等。
译者：胥勇，刘苏栋
作者：Schmidle, Gregor; Beach, Mark; MacMillan, Brian
ISEAT 2019*
2018, October
Challenges and Best Practices for Microphone End-of-Line Testing
Due to the increasing use of microphones in many applications such as automotive or artificial intelligence, the demand for fast and reliable microphone test processes is growing. This paper covers various aspects of the design of an end-of-line microphone test system. A prevailing challenge is to properly control the sound source, as loudspeakers have a tendency to vary their performance due to many influences. The acoustic environment for the test must provide reproducible conditions and is ideally anechoic. Noise from outside must be damped across the measurement bandwidth, so that it doesn’t affect the results. Different testing requirements for various types of microphones are shown. Different methods for defining limit criteria are discussed.
Author: Schmidle, Gregor; Beach, Mark; MacMillan, Brian
AES Paper Number 10096
2017，十月
高端音频系统的客观测试
高端音频设备市场被各种非凡的产品占领着。尽管它们的用料与工程技术通常都是最好的，但对这些系统的品质管控却往往只是主观的听感而非客观的测试。本文介绍了如何在高端音频系统的整个生命周期（研发，品控，安装和维修）对其进行高效品质测量的最佳实践范例。
译者：胥勇，刘苏栋
作者：Schmidle, Gregor; Köck, Gerd; MacMillan, Brian
ISEAT 2017
2017, June
EOL Testing of Acoustic Devices
A Truly Multidisciplinary Task
This article describes the challenges of keeping up yield and quality in a high-volume acoustic device production environment. It highlights several aspects such as limit definition, test jig design, data handling, system replication, system maintenance and many more.
Author: Schmidle, Gregor
2017 Loudspeaker Industry Sourcebook, page 32-36
2016，五月
环境噪声评价与方法
恼人的噪声不仅不利于人们沟通交流，还容易让人产生疲劳，甚至会对生产效率和安全造成不利的影响，因此必须有量化噪声的方法来解决此类噪声带来的影响或问题。不同房间，地点，法规和应用可能会规定不同的噪声等级。大多数情况下，噪声不应对该房间的实际用途造成影响，如办公室内的空调系统噪声不能对打电话或交谈产生影响，但在另外一种情况下，可能会故意制造噪音以保护私人谈话的隐私，因此我们需要对噪声进行一个评价量化。
作者：咸爱清
《环境工程》2016 年 5 月增刊
2016，三月
纯音测试系统的瞬态分析技术
PureSoundTM 纯音测试系统的瞬态分析技术为完全创新的以量测信号位准瞬间上升与下降的斜率以及幅度为方法，来检测音频信号所附带的异音，以 Steepness 值和 Pa/s 单位表示其幅度。 PureSoundTM 纯音测试系统连续地将信号微分和整流了并计算出 Steepness 值，可以检测出时域信号很小的变动，亦即检测微小但又困扰人的异音。 要激发待测扬声器进行异音检测，必须用连续的 Chirp（Gliding Sweep，滑频）信号，滑频信号是唯一能够涵盖可能产生异音所有频点进行检测的方式。 它的必要性是因为异音失真通常是在非常窄的个别共振频点，因此不能像扫频信号那样会漏掉任何可能产生异音失真的频点。 NTi Audio AG 推出 RT-Speaker 扬声器测试系统， 与 RT-Microphone 传声器测试系统：1）RT-Speaker：分析扬声器受话器，耳机等因非线性产生的异音；2）RT-Microphone：瞬态分析技术也被应用测量传声器所产生非线性瞬态失真。
译者：胥勇
作者：柏诺.尼奇
《电声技术》2016 年第 40 卷第 2 期
2015，十一月
风力发电站环境噪声特性与评价
风力发电机组由于旋转的风机叶片和空气的摩擦声所产生的噪声污染对一定范围内的敏感区群众的生理与心理都将产生不利的影响，因此我们需要对风力发电站噪声环境进行研究与评估。本文通过对对澳大利亚堪培拉附近的风电站附近的居民区进行详细的噪声评估：使用了专业的环境噪声自动监测系统，基于IEC 61400-11:2002风力涡轮发电系统--第11部分:噪声测量技术标准（对应 GB/T 22516-2008 ），最终得到了详实的测量数据，并对风电站的环境噪声测量数据进行了较为详实的技术分析。这不仅有助于保障人民群众的健康需求，对企业完善风电机组的噪声控制更具有重要的现实意义。
作者：咸爱清
《环境工程》2015 年 5 月第 33 卷
2015，十月
一个复杂的安全性至关重要的公共广播系统的为定时检测所进行的改造
本文说明了一个广播系统工程的改进中的完全自动化的操作规程的注意事项和实现，这是一个安全至关重要的环境（一个核电站）里的工程。系统中有超过4000个扬声器，有大约200个放大器以及各种报警信号发生器等，需要每天在几分钟内作检测。另外，要采用一个半自动化的规程来检查所有的指挥间里的传声器。改进规程已设计好而且成型，不仅可有效地检测到任一个失效的组件，而且不会发出任何错误的报警信号。
译者：胥勇，刘苏栋
作者：Schmidle, Gregor; Schwizer, Philipp; Häns, Winfried
ISEAT 2015
2015，一月
一种用于线阵列系统极性测试的可靠方法
一组线阵列系统的性能在很大程度上取决于其扬声器的正确安装。例如，一个极性错误的单体扬声器可能会明显地影响整个系统的声压和指向性。然而，这种错误的鉴定非常耗时。因此，这就需要一种快速，同时又可靠的方法来找出这样的线阵元素。介绍了一种怎样一步一步来检查一个完整的线阵列系统的方法，同时，还能找出引起极性问题的原因。除了理论背景，还描述了一个实际应用的成功案例。
作者：史密特.葛瑞格，马库斯.贝克尔，咸爱清
《电声技术》2014 年第 38 卷第 12 期
2014, October
Retrofitting a complex, safety-critical PA system for periodic testing
The paper describes considerations and the implementation of retrofitting a fully-automated procedure, for testing a public address system, into a safety-critical environment (a nuclear power plant). There are over 4000 loudspeakers, about 200 amplifiers as well as various alarm-signal generators that need to be tested every day within a few minutes. Additionally, all command room microphones are checked using a semi-automated procedure. The procedures were designed and configured to not only reliably detect single defective components, but also to not produce any false alarms.
Authors: Schmidle, Gregor; Schwizer, Philipp; Häns, Winfried
AES Paper Number 9117
2014，九月
扩声系统语言传输指数 STIPA 论述
语音的清晰度程度是音质评价的重要指标，其可以反映厅堂或扩声系统的声音传输质量，是评价语言传输系统工作质量的重要参考量。人们可以通过实验的方法来测量，也可以借助传输系统的物理特性来预测。本文介绍了语言的清晰度指标的由来，相关标准与重要性，测试方法，测试原理以及测量结果的评价。
作者：咸爱清
《电声技术》2014 年第 38 卷 第 8 期
2013，十月
扬声器量产保证品质与产量的在线测试观念
管理高产量，多产线与场所的扬声器生产是一种需要多方面技术的挑战性任务。本文提供设计及维护在线测试系统的观念有助于实现维持一致的产出与质量。涵盖的主题包括声学与电气测试参数选择，机械测试治具设计，限度评定策略，容错工作流程建立，测试系统校准，环境影响处理及运用统计学与统计工程控制。
译者：胥勇
作者：史密特.葛瑞格
ISEAT 2013
2013, October
End-of-line Test concepts to achieve and maintain yield and quality in high volume loudspeaker production
Managing high volume, multiple line and location loudspeaker production is a challenging task that requires interdisciplinary skills. This paper offers concepts for designing and maintaining end-of-line test systems that help to achieve and maintain consistent yield and quality. Topics covered include acoustic and electrical test parameter selection, mechanical test jig design, limit finding strategies, fault-tolerant workflow creation, test system calibration and environmental influence handling as well as utilizing statistics and statistic process control.
Author: Schmidle, Gregor
AES Paper Number 8990
2012, October
Overview and Comparison of and Guide to Audio Measurement Methods
Modern audio analyzers offer a large number of measurement functions using various measurement methods. This paper categorizes measurement methods from several perspectives. The underlying signal processing concepts, as well as strengths and weaknesses of the most popular methods are listed and assessed for various aspects. The reader is offered guidance for choosing the optimal measurement method based on the specific requirements and application.
Authors: Schmidle, Gregor; Zanatta, Danilo
AES Paper Number 8705
2011，十月
系统性定义扬声器生产允差框线的方法
一个典型的扬声器最终测试需要测量包含10 个或者更多的参数，每个参数都有其对应的允差来判定扬声器是否通过测试，进而影响产线的合格率。本文介绍了工业上常用允差计算方法和步骤，并为选择正确的允差方案来实现合格率、质量以及产量的最大化，提供了系统的指导。
作者：史密特.葛瑞格
ISEAT 2011
2011, October
A Systematic Approach to Measurement Limit Definitions in Loudspeaker Production
A typical end-of-line loudspeaker test comprises ten or more different parameters tested. Each parameter has its own pass/fail limits contributing to the overall test result of the loudspeaker and therefore to the yield of the production line. This paper gives a comprehensive overview about commonly used limit calculation methods and procedures in the industry. It also delivers systematic guidance for choosing the right limit scheme for maximizing yield, quality and throughput.
Author: Schmidle, Gregor
AES Paper Number 8472
2010, November
A Reliable Procedure for Polarity Measurements on Line Arrays
The performance of a line array strongly depends on the correct installation of its loudspeakers. For instance, a single speaker with incorrect polarity may clearly compromise the sound level and directivity of the whole system. The identification of such errors however can be very time consuming. Therefore, it is desirable to have a fast, yet reliable procedure to finding such array elements. This paper presents a step-by-step method to check the integrity of a line array, and to find the cause in case of a polarity problem. Besides the theoretical background, a successful practical case is described.
Authors: Becker, Markus; Schmidle, Gregor
AES Paper Number 8156
2009, October
Design Optimizations for a High Performance Handheld Audio Analyzer
All types of advanced mobile devices share certain design challenges. For example, they must incorporate a powerful-enough embedded processor system to support a full featured easy-to-use human interface at low power consumption. But designing a multi-function handheld audio analyzer then adds even more unique challenges based upon further professional requirements. These include extremely low measurement noise floor, safely and precisely handle wide voltage measurement range (absolute and dynamic), compatibility with measurement microphones and other input sources, adherence to a wide variety of necessary international and industry standards for measurement. Additional requirements include the efficient display of complex data onto a restricted size display, and efficient and safe operation in many different locations and physical environments. These place further design burdens on the user interface and the instrument package, respectively.
Author: Becker, Markus
AES Paper Number 7908